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rilasciato sotto i termini della GNU Free Documentation License Esso utilizza materiale tratto da http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Israeli_literature Cronologia http://en.wikipedia.orgIsraeli_literature Israeli literatureFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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Israeli literature, generally referred to as Hebrew literature, is poetry and prose written in modern Hebrew, as part of the renaissance of the Hebrew language in modern times.
[edit] HistoryThe first modern Hebrew poetry and prose was the work of 19th century Jewish writers from countries in Europe whose mother tongue was not Hebrew. Scholom Aleichem wrote in Russian, Hebrew and Yiddish; I.L. Peretz and Mendele Mocher Sforim wrote in Hebrew and Yiddish; Chaim Nachman Bialik grew up in Russia, but wrote in Hebrew. Some of these authors first published their work in Hebrew language newspapers published in Europe. Many of the pioneers of Hebrew literature were Zionists, and eventually made their way to Palestine. Some wrote in Hebrew before their arrival, while others adopted Hebrew as the vehicle for their literary endeavors only after settling in Palestine.[1]
[edit] The 1940s and 1950sDuring the 1940s and 1950s: "the War of Independence Generation" (he:סופרי דור תש"ח). Native-born writers were conflicted "between individualism and commitment to society and state"; characterized by "social realism".
[edit] The 1960sDuring the early 1960s: "Very influential" writers followed less "ideological patterns", and wrote more about the individual; "psychological realism, allegory and symbolism"; "speculation and skepticism regarding... conventions".
[edit] The 1980s and 1990sDuring the 1980s and 1990s: "Intense literary activity", aimed at "enabling readers to understand themselves", characterized "three generations" of authors, including Oz, Yehoshua, Kaniuk, as well as:
[edit] Holocaust fictionThe Holocaust was put in fresh perspective by Appelfeld and Grossman, as well as (among others):
[edit] New themesNew themes arose:
[edit] Women authorsWomen authors became more prominent on "general topics", as well as women's role within "Jewish tradition and... in the Zionist enterprise":
[edit] Detective fictionSome of the above women (Lapid and Gur) began writing detective fiction, as well as the following men and women:
[edit] The younger generationA "younger generation" of authors that is "more universalistic", "alienated, surreal and idiosyncratic":
Some postmodernist writers:
[edit] Late 1990sA new front of young authors active in the late 1990s and new millennium (see also [1])
[edit] Hebrew children's booksWriting for children:
[edit] Publication of books in IsraelBy law, the Jewish National and University Library of the Hebrew University of Jerusalem receives two copies of each book published in Israel. In 2004 it reported that it received 6,436 new books. Most of them were published in Hebrew, and most of those books published in Hebrew were original to the Hebrew language. Almost 8% of the 2004 crop were children's books and another 4% were textbooks. According to the type of publisher, the books were 55% commercial, 14% self-published, 10% governmental, 7% educational, and 14% published by other types of organizations. [2]
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rilasciato sotto i termini della
GNU Free Documentation License Esso utilizza materiale tratto da http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_American_literature Cronologia http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jewish_American_literature&action=history Jewish American literatureFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaJewish American literature holds an essential place in the literary history of the United States. It encompasses traditions of writing in English, primarily, as well as in other languages, the most important of which has been Yiddish. While critics and authors generally acknowledge the notion of a distinctive corpus and practice of writing about Jewishness in America, many writers resist being pigeonholed as 'Jewish voices'. Also, many nominally jewish writers cannot be considered representative of Jewish American literature, one example is Isaac Asimov. Beginning with the memoirs and petitions composed by the Sephardic immigrants who arrived in America during the mid 17th century, Jewish American writing grew over the subsequent centuries to flourish in other genres as well, including fiction, poetry, and drama. It reached some of its most mature expression in the 20th century "Jewish American novels" of Henry Roth, Saul Bellow, Bernard Malamud, Chaim Potok, and Philip Roth. Their work explored the conflicting pulls between secular society and Jewish tradition which were acutely felt by the immigrants who passed through Ellis Island and by their children and grandchildren. More recent authors like Paul Auster, Michael Chabon, Jonathan Safran Foer and Art Spiegelman have continued to examine dilemmas of identity in their work, turning their attention especially to the Holocaust and the trends of both ongoing assimilation and cultural rediscovery exhibited by younger generations of American Jews. Modern Jewish American novels often contain (a few or many) Jewish characters and address issues and themes of importance to Jewish American society such as assimilation, Zionism/Israel, and Anti-Semitism, along with the recent phenomenon known as "New Anti-Semitism." Magazines such as The New Yorker have proved to be instrumental in exposing many Jewish American writers to a wider reading public.
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